Coporate Governance & Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Coporate Governance & Globalisation - Essay Example The troubles in the entire conglomerate culminated in the sale of this subsidiary. This report analyzes problems leading to the collapse and recommends relevant corporate governance measures, which would have prevented such managerial malpractices. Introduction Daewoo is a South Korean company founded in the late 1960s. It represented pioneering entities in the automobile sector in not only South Korea but also Asia. Kim Woo Choong played a vital role throughout the early years of the corporation. The entity benefited massively from the government’s goodwill. The government enacted policies, which ensured that the entity did not face major competition. Additionally, it offered credit to the entity at friendly rates. This reduced the overall cost the entity incurred. The reduction of cost gave the entity a massive competitive edge over rivals. This shows the impact of government’s goodwill on the entity’s fortunes. The success of the entity did not last long since it encountered major managerial problems. This write-up will analyze problems which this entity encountered culminating in its sale. Furthermore, it will propose corporate governance measures that would have impeded the chaos that emanated and led to its collapse. Daewoo’s history and managerial problems Daewoo is a conglomerate with numerous subsidiaries, which included Daewoo Motors, Daewoo Bus Company, Daewoo Electronics, Daewoo Heavy Industries and Daewoo Securities. This was a huge corporation with several subsidiaries and joint ventures. The sheer size and complexity of this entity made its management challenging. Managers in such an entity encounter countless constrains. The multinational had diversified its operations into several industries. Diversification enabled the entity to sustain its financial stability (Lopez 2000). The collapse of this entity resulted from some diverse factors. The government’s policies were key to the collapse of the entity. The gov ernment enacted protectionist policies. Such policies ensured that the entity got cheap raw materials. This reduced the entity cost allowing the entity to make phenomenal profits. Additionally, the entity got cheap financing from the government. Similarly, this reduced its costs availing more funds for further investment. The government also focused on policies, which favoured one entity. Therefore, the government failed to support emergence of other smaller entities. Therefore, such policies shielded Daewoo from competition, costly raw materials and high cost of credit. This provided a perfect market for the entity to succeed. The government seemed not to have a clear policy to ensure fair trade in its economy either. These policies were friendly to the entity since the entity gave political support in exchange for such skewed governmental strategies, which favoured the entity (Lopez 2000). The expansion of the entity entailed several five-year plans. These plans would outline what the entity should accomplish within the period. Daewoo Motors commenced operations in the early 1980s. Daewoo Group acquired an entity that was failing in the automobile sector owing to competition from Hyundai. Using its massive resources, Daewoo Group turned around the fortunes of this entity and renamed it Daewoo Motors. This acquisition added another subsidiary to the already expanding corporation. The Daewoo conglomerate seemed to be undertaking an expansion strategy. However, such a strategy

The Social Shaping Of Technology Sociology Essay

The Social Shaping Of Technology Sociology Essay The import of social and technological interaction has been a subject of controversies over the year with two sides having different view of it. Technological determinists believe that technology determines the trend in social changes and history (Chandler, 2000). But the view of Social constructivists is different in the sense that they believe the social norms dictate technology both in design and usage (Trevor, 2010). This paper will try to look into each believe using a personal experience with time technology in relation to user role. Section 2.0 will shed light into believes of technological determinist using media Technology Determinism and Techno-evolution while section 3.0 will dwell on the Social shaping of technology using the Actor Network Theory (ANT) and Social Construction of technology theory (SCOT). Also, section 4.0 will explain what methodology that was used in accessing both theories while section 5.0 will show the findings in relation to both theories. The last s ection, section 6.0 will draw conclusion on what this paper believed in respect of the two theories. 2.0 Technological Determinism The term Technological determinism was first used by an American called Thorstein Veblen in 1920s who believed that technology determines social change (Chandler, 2000). Technological determinism tends to believe that society is shaped by it most dominant technological innovation. Theories associated to Technological determinisms are Media technological determinism, Technological primacy, Technological imperative, Universalism and Techno-evolutionism (Chandler, 2000). This idea is based in two forms which are soft and hard determinism. The soft claims that technology determines social change but not absolute while the hard determinism claims that the force of technology is so big that it is autonomous (Joseph, 2004). Both ideas are based on cause which is technology and effect which is impact of it on the social norm. Also, this view tends to explain technology in linear developmental stages without taking into consideration other adjoining factors. Technological determinist views social change as a dependant of technology. For example many determinists believe that communication technology determines the direction in which the society behaviour moves towards. Marshall McLuhan (1976) believed media deprive people of their private identity. He further describes this when he was criticizing that the media has negatively affected the life of people worldwide. He gave an example of a research conducted in Germany and UK where some people were paid not to watch television for some time. He said the result the agency discovered was reduction in drug addicted people. Techno-evolutionism believes most world history is named after technological innovation. Examples of this are Machine age, age of automation, atomic age, industrial revolution, space age, communication age and so on (Chandler, 2000). This idea tends to focus on technological progress from generation to generation by the western world. Masse Bloomfield (1995) in his book Automated Society predicted that in the near future everybody will have what they want without physical effort. This he said would have serious impact on mans social system. Also Jeremy Rifkin (1995) in his book End of Work reiterated that men will be substituted by machine. All this ideas are based on human over reliance in getting everything done with technology without thinking of the consequence it will have on them. 3.0 Social Shaping of Technology The social constructivists believe that it is the society that shape technology. This theory based its own idea on different concept like the Empirical Programme of Relativism (EPOR), Actor Network Theory (ANT), Social Construction of technology (SCOT), Gender Studies (Consumption Junction) and many others. Also Social Constructivists believe users of technology determine the design and usability of it (Trevor, 2010). This paper will explain what is meant by two of the aforementioned concepts which are ANT and SCOT with examples. ANT is a concept derived by Latour and Calon and it sees technology as a kind of battle between the users and the Script embedded in technology (Trevor, 2010). The theory deals with technology inform of network of actors on it (Trevor, 2010). He further describes it as a kind of program that is done on the assumption of user behaviour but users overcome this by anti-program (Trevor, 2010). An example of this is sit belt where the programm is if it is not worn then beep but user group not convenient with it i.e. Pregnant woman will fight this back by selling a dummy to the program (Anti-program) thereby plugging the sit belt in its socket to stop the beep (Trevor, 2010). This way the user is controlling the technology. SCOT on the other part is an approach developed by both Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker. It based its approach to research on Relevant Social Group, Interpretative Flexibility, Closure, influence of wider culture, Technological frame work and users as agents of technological change (Trevor, 2010). Bijeker (1997) argues using the evolution of Velocifere to Safety bicycle based on different user activity, that social group can change technology. Also Trevor (2010) argues that technology can be used for another purpose that is different from its original function. He gave an example of a car lifted up to power a washing machine. In another research work on Moog Synthesizer Trevor (2010) was able to proof that even invention is collaboration between inventor and the anticipated user. Social constructivist ideas points to Users as determinant of technology 4.0 Methodology The methodology used is based on Relevant Social Group approach by checking on users of time machine. The users include both male and female students in my class and watching of passerby students to see how they check time or whether they even have wrist watch at all. I also ask some questions from female students like what says your time to notice how it is been checked. Also the technological effect on landscape is also considered using the site sightseeing observation along Clyde River and industrial evolution society using the visit to New Lanark. The justification behind using the above approach is that it allows the researcher to use and relation with the current technology and society to bring out comparative analysis on the issue. Also the opinion will be neutral since deduction is from a different user without inclination into any of the theory of technology and society relationship. 5.0 Findings and implications In getting the real life picture of the two argument, this section will try to analyze its finding using the analysis gotten from the sight seen along Clyde bank, visit to New Lanark and engagement with the time technology. History will play a major tool of analysis in illustrating the aforementioned. 5.01 River Clyde Working along the Clyde River one will see a vivid notification of a once booming economic area of Scotland with traces of ship oil still floating on the river. The area has now been converted to recreational center due to the effect of world war two. In order to get the feel of this change this paper will start with a brief history of the River Clyde. Years ago river Clyde is an haven for port activities with ship engineers locating their presence due to ship activities going on in the area. Technology play role in transforming the port to a trade hub. This was done by development of technology on steam engine and dredging of river clyde to open avenue for large ship. The dredging allowed large vessel to sail into Broomielaw instead of stopping at port outside the city (Clyde water front heritage). However, this activity was affected after the Second World War due to intense bombing of the Clyde side. Based on the shift towards tourism the Clyde river area has been turned to a relaxation area with side attractions like the Titan crane, BBC Scotland, Digital media quarter etc. All this shows how technology can transform the landscape of a place which in turn changes the social way of doing things. Conversely, the changes are based on process in terms of the need by people. For example the idea behind the change is due to the need for improvement on sugar and tobacco trading by the people while technology also by dredging and construction of bridge change the landscape and ways of doing things. 5.0.2 Visit to New Lanark The New Lanark visit shows how the industrial revolution age (Technological Determinist way of depicting era) changes the non active environment to a busy one. This transforms the landscape and increase social presence in the area. History of New Lanark started with David Dale and his partner (Inventor), Richard Arkwright coming to the area. Both agreed in inventing in the area due to the availability of water fall to provide power for the proposed cotton mill. The idea is based on the feasibility of cotton production during the industrial revolution. Population of increased to 2,500 by the time the cotton industry started in 1786 (New Lanark Trust). Also the way the people uses power changed with the advent of transistor radio and pressing iron with villagers tapping power (ANT idea of Anti-programming). Although the power was supplied free to villager but it was later changed when the villagers were connected to the National grid due to increase in usage (Undiscovered Scotland). The clock tells the time to wake up and get prepared for work and also when the power is to be switched off and on. The whole story changed when the activities at the mill reduced and market declined. The population of villagers also decline with people moving out of New Lanark. New Lanark has now been rebuilt as a tourist center with influx of more than 50,000 tourists visiting the village per annum. The above history also shows the relationship between technology and society. Some of the workshop visit really shows how technology controls workers. An example of this is the spinning machine which moves up and down at the same workers move to work in resonance with the machine. The noise of the machine is also there, although workers may not like it but due to the power of their employer and their own aim of earning their sustenance they have no option. The emigration of people from New Lanark also shows how technology can change society. 5.0.3 Engagement with time technology Engagement with time technology through history of time measurement, and the struggle of getting accurate time in human endeavour shed more light into relationship between technology and society. Time measurement is one of fundamental to human existence. Barbara (2006) argues that our relation with time makes us human. This shows how important measuring of accurate time is important to human existence. This section will try to relate events with time and show how various usage has integrate technology as part of our ecosystem. The history of time dated back to our existence with needs for time as sensational night and day. Need to know time of birth and death also highlights an important phase in the history of time. Thompson (1967, p.58) stated that Cross River natives were reported as saying the man died in less than the time in which maize is not yet completely roasted (Cross River is a state in Nigeria) . It is noted in history of time that most nations in one way or the other use different means of measuring time. Most especially, they seems to concentrate more on use of celestial bodies like the sun, moon and different planet to measure months, season and years. Because of the variation in night and day, necessity to divide the day into hours emerged. This was solved by a mathematician Hipparchus using his shadow to do theoretical math, he proposed 24 hours (Anon, 2011). At the same time the Greek has invented the mechanical water clock to measure time. This was the era of mechanical transformation from Natural mode of measurement. Suddenly knowing the hour of the day prompted research by the Greeks into minutes by measuring the angle the sun in different city at the same hour and comparing data (Anon, 2011). This enables them to reason not only shape of the earth but the size of it as well (Anon, 2011). After solving the hour, finding time in different part of the world brings about the next problem of solving the mystery behind time. The scientists then were able to mark the latitude but longitude was a different ball game. In order to be able to measure accurate longitude you need to know the precise amount of time you wonder east or west and getting it was problematic (Anon, 2011). Problems that initiated research into longitude is the frequent lost of direction by ship on sea which most lead to it been perished (Anon, 2011). This prompted the British parliament in 1700 to offer cash reward to whoever can solve the problem (Anon, 2011). The problem was solved in 1730 by an English man named John Harrison who made the world first wine up clock power by spring (Anon, 2011). The emergence of information age led to crave for most accurate time. Other instances that led to request for better time includes the temperature problem of the old watch, time dilation effect, need for greasing of the mechanical watches, measurement of data throughput, time measurement in space etc. the first that emerged was quartz which has the ability to measure time accurately at 1 second error in 270 years (Anon, 2011). The second entrant was Atomic clock which so far is the most accurate in term of measuring time. The fuel-like component in the Atomic clock can either be Cesium or Hydrogen maser (Vickie, 2012). An example of atomic watch usage is the General Position System (GPS) where concurrently three different satellites communicate with one another using their time to synchronize one another. The time must be very accurate to transform the position of an object using it. Now it is very hard to see user like in the olden days using landmark to locate addresses, they rathe r use Google map or its equivalent to find their way around cities. Also my diary on usage of time machine shows that we use each machine in response to network effect of a dominant technology. The network effect theory talks about advantages user of technology gain from many network users of the same technology (Michael and Carl, 1985). Most people use wrist watch for show of status recently, while others like ladies uses it as ornament. For example, in my class we have six girls only two wears wrist watch consistently and when I ask for time from them they checked their phone not the wrist watch. I also ask the remaining girls they said why bordered when they are with their phone almost everywhere. The eight men in my class donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t wear wrist watch for the same reason but they accepted to wear it when going for party. Further engagement with this led me to watch most of the student passing by to see whether they wear wrist watch but discovered that most men are not wearing it but some ladies wear it. I also notice tha t most of the student are always looking down with their hand on their smart phones smiling intermittently and looking up slightly so as not to bump on other road users. Furthermore, some students have their hand in their side pocket with ear phone in their ear but this time they look up. This shows the extent to what extent technology can change the way we socialize. My view on this is that most people use their phone to check their time since they prefer to have every need in one place. They can use the phone to call, receive call, play mp3, chart, set alarm, check time, find their way etc. The usage depends on the user group view on what they want from the technology irrespective of the original function or design. 5.0.4 Implications The implication of allowing technology to do what is meant for human instead of enhancing how human do things will have negative impaction on the society. This was explained by Butler (1872) when he stated that Reflect upon the extraordinary advance which machines have made during the last few hundred years, and note how slowly the animal and vegetable kingdoms are advancing. This means that technology development while helping the manufacturers of it to generate more revenue reduces human professionalism and at the same time have effect on the environment in terms of environmental pollution. One wonders what will happen if technological machine like time stopped working without having any alternatives like natural way of calculating time. Virtually everything stops when time stops. So this kind of important necessity should not be left in the hand of technology. In manufacturing technology there is need for consideration to be taken into its effect on the society and how such change can be managed. Also, some technologies destroy the ones they met in market thereby making other users to be out of the system. Schumpeter explained this as destructive innovation (Tim, 2010, p.). Apart from user loosing the out-of-market technology, user might also have challenge in knowing how to use the new technology. 6.0 Conclusion In conclusion, drawing from the above sections, it can be deduced that flows go both ways with technology having impact on social change and society have impact on technology irrespective of the idea behind Technological determinism and Social Constructivism. Both depend on each other but measure should be taken in reducing the excess of technological innovation to conform to the social safety of the society. Managers of technology in organization need to take technology as a supplement to human effort not has a supplement to the human itself. Also involvement of the frontline staff in technological implementation is paramount to management of change.

Exercise and Aging: A Qualitative Correlation Essay -- Exercise, Aging

In 1523 the Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon made an extensive voyage to a new world in search of the legendary Fountain of Youth. He never found it. Although many years have passed since Ponce de Leon made his infamous trip, the idea of mythical youth is still very much alive in our culture. We desire to actually act and feel youthful. Physical exercise is the only action a person can take to not only feel young but to physiologically slow the aging process. This paper will present studies indicating the affect exercise has on the human body and how it is useful in keeping us at our optimum physical and mental health. For now, aging is inevitable. Physiologically, we age because individual cells are preprogrammed to overwork and then self-destruct. The process becomes apparent in a comparison of old and young skin cells. Although both types contain the same array of genes, in older cells the genes work overtime under the direction of a master gene. The master gene forces the others to produce abnormal amounts of protein, which slows down replication and other vital cellular activity. These factors eventually cause organ degeneration and aging. To prevent or delay aging a way must be found to control overactive genes, say Dr. Samuel Goldstein of the University of Arkansas and Anna McCormick, Ph.D. of the National Institute on Aging. The ultimate anti-aging discovery would be a drug that could suppress the master gene, stopping cells from beginning their destructive course. Until this discovery (and well after) our anti-aging bullet can be exercise. Exercise is the closest thing to an anti-aging pill there is, says Alex Leif, M.D., a professor at the Harvard Medical School of Gerontology. "Regular daily physical activity has been a way of life for virtually ever person who has reached the age of 100 in sound condition." Studies at the National Institute of Aging have repeatedly shown that regular exercise and strength training can have a profound effect on the rate of human aging, and may forestall the disability and diseases we are used to thinking of as the unavoidable price of growing old. One method of exercise is called strength raining attained by muscle resistance movements such as those provide by the simple use of free weights. Dr. Evans, of the Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, conducted an unorthodox study tha... ...ucose Tolerance and Plasma Lipid Levels in Older Men and Women," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 252, No. 5, Aug. 1984, pp. 645-649. 9G. Heath, "A Physiological Comparison of Young and Older Endurance Athletes," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 3, Sept. 1981, p. 639. 10B. Johnson, "Flow Limitation and Regulation of Functional Residual Capacity during Exercise in a Physically Active Aging Population," American Review of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 143, No. 5, May 1991, p. 960. 11, 15, 16 A. Coggan, "Histochemical and Enzymatic Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle in Masters Athletes," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 68, No. 2, 1990, pp. 1896-1900. 12, 13, 18 H. Higdon, The Masters Running Guide, National Masters News, Van Nuys, CA, 1990, pp. 36-37, pp. 48-51. 14, 20 M. Alter, Science of Stretching, Human Kinetics Books, Champaign, IL, 1988, p. 31, p. 64. 17 G. Legwold, "Masters Competitors Age Little in TenYears," The Physician and Sports Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 10, Oct. 1982, p. 27. 19 M. Fiatarone, "High-Intensity Strength Training in Nonagenarians," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.. 263, No. 22, June 1990, p. 3033

The case of walsall

IntroductionA literature reappraisal is research in the country subject which is gathered by surveies that already has been done in the capable country. It allows the apprehension of what sustainable rehabilitation is about and farther to derive more cognition on sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss or towns and to place how it could perchance be improved. Additionally it is besides at that place to assist recognize and separate any countries of the chosen topic, which has non been acknowledged. This will be an chance to lend to bing consciousness in this subject country.Sustainability and Urban DevelopmentThe chosen country in which the literature reappraisal will concentrate on is sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss. First, I would wish dressed ore on understanding the significance of sustainability. What is sustainability? Sustainability can be defined as or described as the quality of life/lifestyle in a community. It is the drawn-ou t being and use of planetary resources to maintain the environment in good form without endangering the hereafter of coevalss to come. Sustainability arises in three chief countries such as environmental facets, socio economic facets and economic system. Sustainability in environment focal points on the Earth ‘s natural environment. This facet of sustainability is directed at the betterments on the environment for better or worse. It besides focuses on the usage of natural resources. Additionally it is combined with the other two factors societal and economic facets. Social development normally refers to betterments in both single wellbeing and the overall societal public assistance, that result from additions in societal capital – typically, the accretion of capacity for persons and groups of people to work together to accomplish shared aims. Sustainable development should or ought to continue and heighten all utile capital stocks which include natural capital. However the saving of capacities of an person obtained through instruction and shared perceptive and values and socially held cognition are likewise of import. Reducing exposure and keeping the wellness ( i.e. , resiliency, energy and organisation ) of societal a nd cultural systems, and their ability to defy dazes, is of import. Enhancing human capital ( through instruction ) and beef uping societal values, establishments and equity will better the resiliency of societal systems and administration. Many such harmful alterations occur easy, and their long-run effects are overlooked in socio-economic analysis. ( Munasinghe 2007 ) Economic sustainability seeks to maximise the flow of income that could be generated while at least keeping the stock of assets ( or capital ) which yields this income. Yokels 1946 argued that people ‘s maximal sustainable ingestion is the sum that they can devour without impoverishing themselves. Addressing these three factors to better economic system, societal and environmental issues can non be addressed individually. The ground for this is because solutions to one job may take to a farther job in another. For illustration making or developing low-cost lodging can be a good cause nevertheless if the lodging is built far from workplaces or conveyance links it becomes a job which may take to an addition in vehicle use, pollution and traffic. Therefore to make a sustainable community all these links need to be taken into history with one another. The Brundtland Commission officially known as the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) was created to do people cognizant of and turn to the job affecting the diminution of the human environment and natural resources. ( Wikipedia, 2009 ) The committee was set up by the United Nations to look at the environmental issue which was known as the Brundtland study. This study came up with the term ‘Sustainable Development ‘ which is defined as: ‘Sustainable development is the development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ‘ . ( WCED, 1987 ) Presumably this statement suggests that concentrating on current coevals groups to utilize resources which wo n't forestall future coevalss from populating their ain lives. Sustainable development is besides a fixed end of authorization and the general populace. The belief signifies a affair needed to be addressed for the hereafter in footings of public assistance and chances for future development. However the affair of sustainable development seems far from solved, particularly in this economic crisis where one time the handiness of capital for regeneration and reclamation is now non readily gettable. Urban growing was one of the most powerful and permeant geographical procedures impacting the western universe in the center of the 20th century, each twelvemonth the figure of people and occupations in the metropoliss rose and the major metropolitan Centres consolidated and enhanced their portion of national population and economic activity. Growth farther occurred in areal footings as metropoliss expanded their suburbs into the environing countryside. Conversely, small towns and little towns had small locational entreaty both for residential intents and for industry, so that extended rural countries were characterised by stagnancy and diminution. Established metropoliss throughout the western universe are losing population and occupations as the balance of societal and economic chance has moved off from metropoliss and in favor of rural countries. There are many factors today that are indexs of impairment such as interior urban decay, offense, unemployment. These indexs are of societal economic, political and fiscal cloth of the metropolis to make a de-industrialised metropolis. The economic crisis of today will impact the sustainability program. However there might be positive results of this crisis directed to green companies as they can take the chance to utilize the media as a manner of demoing the public new schemes of going more ‘sustainable ‘ . This manner of thought could perchance ‘restore a grade of public assurance in a private sector that has seen its credibleness take a terrible banging in recent months. Therefore, foregrounding long-run environmental considerations is crucially of import. It may be said that this is merely showing merely a little grade of the economical crisis of how it affects sustainable factors, nevertheless John Whalley from The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) suggests that holding a balance between both Environmental aims and economic aims is of import during this fiscal crisis. Therefore looking at both facets of the fiscal crisis could perchance help today ‘s sustainable development in metropoliss under the economic lag. The economic recession easy slipped up at the beginning of the twelvemonth 2008 which has now turned into a drawn-out period. ( Coaffee 2009 ) states that the finance available for regeneration is likely to be significantly curtailed, at least from traditional beginnings, with many semi- completed regeneration strategies mothballed. Therefore Coaffee 2009 suggests besides that this twelvemonth capital for regeneration is likely to be restricted in usage particularly with traditional beginnings nevertheless big scale regeneration undertakings have non been put to a arrest but been slowed down possibly to happen thought through solutions to last the economic downswing. Although the CIGI believe that maintaining both elements of economic and fiscal aims in head is indispensable at this clip.Sustainable Rehabilitation and Urban RenewalSustainable rehabilitation focuses on the ‘treatment ‘ of towns or metropoliss which were extremely developed with industry how are no longer lasting. In add-on the demand to better economic growing is important to run into the demands of societal and environmental elements. In the issue of Urban Studies in 2006 provinces that it is hard to specify with lucidity what urban resurgence. ( Governa, 2009 ) The common component that links together the assorted significances is t hat the urban revival is defined against, in resistance to a period of diminution. For many old ages within Europe, metropoliss were identified as the topographic points typically confronting the greatest economic and societal jobs ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2007 ) . Nevertheless metropoliss at the same time strive to accommodate economic growing, dynamism and creativeness with the ugly apparition of societal and spacial exclusion and increasing degrees of segregation and inequality. This statement suggests that metropoliss make every attempt to decide economic growing and activity with the unpleasant factor of societal segregation and favoritism but besides with the bar of infinite. Possibly it indicates that metropoliss are seeking to better the competition they have with each other but at the same clip they are seeking to run into the societal and environmental demands they face. In contrast Turok ‘s and Mykhnenko ‘s position now suggests that metropoliss are presently seen as ‘drivers of invention, creativeness and productiveness growing in advanced service- oriented economic sciences ‘ . ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2008 ) Therefore Turok and Mykhnenko ‘s statement identify that invention and advanced communications are primary motivations of today ‘s metropoliss enabling people and to work together, making an active metropolis that drives creativeness, draws nomadic capital and ability, and signifiers enlargement from within. Additionally metropoliss are besides thought to incorporate the cultural verve, societal substructure, consumer comfortss and calling picks to assist parts and states attract the accomplishments and endowment required to bring forth and work cognition and thereby construct dynamic competitory advantage ( HM Treasury 2006, OECD 2006 ) . When new towns are developed or built, they are normally thoughtfully designed to be close or in propinquity of bing or neighboring metropoliss and towns. This so enables the periphery or boundary line of the new towns to unify with the bing towns and metropoliss. Additionally transport links set up connexions between the metropoliss or towns doing the land more popular to develop increasing the stretch of land. Urban decay seems to be a natural effect of the growing of a metropolis. Khakis statement straight concerns the decay of metropoliss to be a natural consequence. However there might be a figure of factors which cause metropoliss to disintegrate. Possibly facets such as forsaking of edifice, high rate of unemployment, offense, depopulation and many others can do this issue to distribute over a metropolis or town. Urban reclamation is a process which occurs by worsening constructions which are enhanced or bettered through a assortment of technique which range from constructing modernization to redevelopment and renovating. Through comprehensive and incorporate vision and action, urban reclamation purposes to decide urban jobs and convey about an digesting betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental conditions of a spoilt country which has been capable to alter. The reinforced environment is a merchandise of an incremental decision-making procedure. Rehabilitation, nevertheless, offers a cheaper, quicker and less socially upseting option to better the quality of constructing stock. From the environmental position, rehabilitation is a more sustainable attack to urban reclamation because rehabilitation generates less building and destruction waste compared with renovation. An illustration of a metropolis which has faced both diminution and reclamation is Glasgow. The metropolis suffered from the Post World War I recession and besides faced the ‘Great Depression ‘ . This was a period during the 1930 ‘s where the full universe suffered from terrible economic depression. Although the metropolis faced these issues it improved by the epidemic of World War II. Glasgow had a deficiency of investing and invention which of course led to these factors to turn overseas such as Japan. This resulted in Glasgow to come in a long period of economic diminution and ‘de-industrialisation ‘ . When something every bit terrible as this affects a metropolis it leads to high degrees of unemployment, urban decay and a major lessening in population. In Western Europe, where land is much less in supply and urban countries are by and large recognised as the drivers of the new information and service economic systems, urban regeneration has become an industry in itself, with 100s of bureaus and charities set up to undertake the issue. European metropoliss have the benefit of historical organic development forms already concurrent to the New Urbanist theoretical account, and although derelict, most metropoliss have attractive historical quarters and edifices ripe for renovation. In the suburban estates and metropoliss, the solution is frequently more drastic, with 1960s and 70s province lodging undertakings being wholly demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional European urban manner, with a mix of lodging types, sizes, monetary values, and term of offices, every bit good as a mix of other utilizations such as retail or commercial. One of the best illustrations of this is in Hulme, Manchester, which was cleared of 19th-century lod ging in the 1950s to do manner for a big estate of tower block flats. During the 1990s, it was cleared once more to do manner for new development built along new urbanist lines.Causes of DeclineMost surveies of urban alteration, decay or diminution dressed ore on the effects of urban transmutation instead than their implicit in causes. The terminal consequence is that most theories of urban alteration provide merely a partial penetration into what is a complex procedure. ( Roberts 2000 ) Robert indicates that urban alteration or diminution has merely been researched to a grade nevertheless it is a really complex subject country and process. He besides indentifies that the research done stresses ‘negative demographic and societal tendencies and the causal function of economic factors peculiarly industrial restructuring in chase of maximizing returns including deindustrialisation, globalization and economic concentration as forces for economic structural alteration and the jobs of accommodating to new demands of economic activities and factor restraints ( including handiness of land and edifices ) . ‘ The manner metropoliss and towns are involved economic structural alteration vary. The local economic system and economical construction of the town is normally governed by big concerns. Depending on how advanced or ‘new ‘ the merchandise of the concern is, invention plays an of import portion. This is because if the occupation type requires a high skilled individual to work, this usually leads to a lower local economic system as non everyone has the accomplishments needed for the occupation. Therefore the big graduated table industries are the concerns to confront the largest possibility of economic diminution which leads to de-industrialisation.Urban RegenerationUrban Regeneration is besides referred to as Urban Renewal transpires when the societal, economic and physical features of ignored countries have been improved and reconstructed utilizing a scheme which will be after to better an country. A typical regeneration development is usually lodging developments, dock s ide or waterside development undertakings. Urban Regeneration non merely focuses on the physical side on the country but besides embarks upon the societal and economic issues present every bit good. However Urban Regeneration undertakings require extended fiscal input from both public and private sectors. Lang 2005 believes that ‘Urban Regeneration implies an incorporate position on jobs, potencies, schemes and undertakings within the societal, environmental, cultural and economic domain. This statement shows that Lang assumes that these factors which are incorporated with Urban Regeneration are societal, environmental and economic factors. These factors are likewise driven by Sustainability every bit good. Furthermore Roberts 2000 defines Urban Regeneration as a ‘ comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter ‘ . However the official definition of Regeneration from the Office of Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) is: ‘the holistic procedure of change by reversaling economic sciences, societal and physical decay in countries where it has reached a phase when market forces entirely will non do ‘ . ( ODPM 2003 ) Therefore regeneration signifiers portion of one of the three countries of legal act. This is now where Urban Regeneration moves off from reclamation, development and revival. Robert 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that all attacks should be constructed with a longer-term, more strategic intent in head ‘ . Therefore there should be a strategic docket to why the regeneration should take topographic point which are seen as cardinal characteristics. There is another definition described by Couch and Fraser 2003 who explain that ‘Urban Regeneration is concerned with in re-growth of economic activity where it has been lost ; the Restoration of societal map where there has been disfunction, or societal inclusion where there has been exclusion ; and the Restoration of environmental quality or ecological balance where it has been lost ‘ . This mentality would possibly work where there is vacant or creaky land in which new edifice could be built nevertheless Urban Regeneration is about using schemes in bing countries instead than making new towns and metropoliss. This could so accommodate the three factors of sustainability, a demand to societal, economic and environmental issues. Understanding the intent of Urban Regeneration in the UK, one needs to understand the policies which are set in the UK. ‘Regeneration is seen as a measure frontward from the commercial manner of the renovation policy in the 1980 ‘s, where the Conservative authorities has consciously imitated the American scheme of trusting on private market mechanisms instead than upon public intercession to revitalize its metropoliss and urban countries. ‘ ( Parkinson, Judd 1988 ) Roberts 2000 believes that ‘Urban Regeneration can be delivered as a comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterments in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter ‘ . Therefore the three chief points that involve regeneration are the economic, societal and environmental province of an country. However the inquiry is what is economic, societal and environmental decay? Urban regeneration follows through and beyond the procedure of physical alteration, urban development and urban revival. Roberts 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that ‘all attacks should be constructed with a longer term, more strategic intent in head ‘ significance that when planning or edifice methods to develop regeneration, it is of import to maintain in head a more tactical intent where the long term effects are positive. Neighborhood Renewal aims to better the quality of life for those life in the most deprived countries by undertaking, Poor occupation chances, High offense degrees, Educational under-achievement, hapless wellness and jobs with lodging and their local environment. ( Communities and Local Government UK ) The poorest of vicinities are faced with or more likely to endure with sick wellness, offense and even unemployment. Therefore Neighborhood reclamation is to gyrate out of the decay and convey back life into the community. It is about working from the grassroots to present economic prosperity and occupations, safer communities, good instruction, nice lodging, improved physical environment and better wellness, every bit good as furthering a sense of community among occupants. ‘ ( Communities and Local Government 2007 ) Poverty has become more concentrated in single vicinities and estates than earlier, and the societal exclusion of these vicinities has become more pronounced. ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) Deprivation besides works against attempts to resuscitate metropoliss and protect the countryside from development. Poor services undermine religion in the political procedure. And there is an consequence on societal coherence as immature people and people from cultural minorities are both disproportionately likely to populate in disadvantaged vicinities ( people from cultural minorities are over-represented quadruple ) . ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) .Therefore the attempts to resuscitate a metropolis or country can besides do want. Poor installations and aid can take to peoples trust in the political system weak and deteriorate. Neighbourhood reclamation is about linking communities together. Regeneration has become a tool applied to about all urban countries in the UK, speed uping in the past decennary in analogue to bust growing in the belongings market. ( Urban Regeneration in the UK ) The craze of edifice in the UK towns and metropoliss is non merely a merchandise of economic growing, but reflects broader demographic displacements with in the UK population. Peoples are populating longer than of all time before and at the other terminal of the age graduated table, people are waiting longer to hold kids, both of which mean a lessening in mean family size which, combined with turning population, means that the figure of families is progressively rapid. As a consequence, the figure of families in England entirely is predicted to lift from merely over 21 million in 2004 to about 26.5 million in 2029 with 70 % of that addition taking the signifier of one individual families. ( Communities and Local Government, 2007 )Culture- led regeneration and instance surveyCulture- led regeneration undertakings are involved with the societal public assistance and the reclamation of communities associating public art and cultural development. However since the 1980s, a figure of loca l governments have adopted some signifier of per centum for art strategy, whereby all new edifices incorporate a quota of graphics. Public graphics has impacted and attracted many visitants which have become portion of the tourer and heritage industry. Regeneration through art truly works, but we will necessitate to look at it in 20 old ages clip to judge it. ( Peter Jenkinson ) The true regeneration is the regeneration of local people ‘s Black Marias and heads. ( David March, and Peter Jenkinson, Director of New Art Gallery, Walsall ) This type of regeneration or activity might be the design and building ( or re-use ) of a edifices for public or concern usage ( e.g. Baltic and Sage Music Centre in Gateshead, Tate Modern and Peckham Library in Southwark ; the renewal of unfastened infinite ( e.g. Gateshead, Liverpool, etc ) Culture-led regeneration can be understood as the usage of cultural undertakings to revitalize economically down metropoliss and parts. ( Middleton and Freestone 2008 ) Culture-led regeneration has been used extensively around Europe ( Gomez 1998 ; Keating and De Frantz, 2004 ; Miles, 2005 ) Examples of Culture-led Regeneration in the UK consist of the Tate Modern and Renzo Piano ‘s ‘Shard of Glass ‘ on the London Docklands, the Millennium Galleries and Winter Garden in Sheffield and renovation of Salford Quays. There has been adequate grounds to demo that many cultural-led regeneration programmes have been unsuccessful. Glasgow is frequently mentioned as a premier illustration. Jenkins 2005 provinces that the metropolis used its position as European Capital of Culture 1990 to conceal its working category heritage and socialist history doing bitterness and ill will amongst many dwellers. Doucet ( 2007 ) besides suggests that cultural regeneration can meet jobs if it is non supported by occupants, peculiarly those with a strong sense of local individuality. One survey which was based around cultural-led Regeneration was taken on Newcastle Gateshead strategy. The councils of Newcastle worked together to advance cultural selling to take to put Newcastle Gateshead as a top European finish for leisure, concern and touristry to make a new individuality for Tyneside and the wider part. During this period of culture-led regeneration the facets of the night-time economic system which promote the societal ingestion of intoxicant have been marginalised. Indeed some local politicians have publically condemned Newcastle ‘s image as a ‘Party City ‘ saying jobs with wellness, offense and intoxicant related upset. Writing in the Newcastle Evening Chronicle in February 2008 ( p. 45 ) , Coun. John Shipley stated that: The image of Newcastle as holding an flushing economic system based on intoxicant ingestion should be a thing of the yesteryear†¦ it ‘s really of import we create a caf & A ; eacute ; -style civilization†¦ we are seeking to alter Newcastle ‘s image to one that is inclusive for everyone. The acceptance of such schemes in Newcastle and Gateshead can be seen as a clear effort to travel off from the part ‘s propertyless industrial image and make a new cosmopolite, international individuality rich in civilization, scientific discipline and engineering. Even the NewcastleGateshead ‘s failed command for European Capital of Culture 2008 has done small to decelerate the gait of alteration and degree of investing in cultural undertakings throughout the part. During the method of this instance analyze the attack taken to carry on consequences was a quantitative method. Fifty-two interviews were carried out with members from all four boroughs of Gateshead, Newcastle, North Tyneside and South Tyneside. The interviews remained informal but really structured focussing on the research subject. Their chief research inquiry was based around:The altering nature of the socio-economic landscape of Tyneside.The individuality of parts and how it has changed over the old agesand thirdly The sentiments on recent cultural and scientific developmentsRespondents clearly felt that culture-led regeneration developments had a narrow focal point on a professional middle-income, middle-class demographic, hence excepting a big proportion of lower-income people from the part. In this context they did non see culture-led regeneration as profiting them in any manner and that culture-led regeneration efficaciously existed for other people, a position similar to tha t proposed by Peter Eisinger ‘s ( 2000 ) in his survey of metropoliss in the US. Peoples may hold developments taking topographic point in their metropolis under culture-led regeneration strategies, but do non needfully experience that they benefit anything from this. Whilst Miles ( 2004 ) believes that Newcastle and Gateshead provides the environment for the cultural events and developments to sit merrily alongside the traditional dark clip economic system, this research suggests that this is non needfully the instance. Local dwellers with a strong sense of local individuality are going progressively disenfranchised with cultural developments and, as experienced in Glasgow, may good go more vocal in their unfavorable judgments. Miles, S. ( 2004 ) ‘NewcatleGateshead Quayside: Cultural investing and individualities of opposition ‘ , Capital & A ; Class, 81, pp.183-189.

China Country Identification Essay

The company has brought to our attention that it desires to expand into the Eastern Asian market where it is believed that the opportunity will be best and certainly more than double its profits by this venture. The Country of choice will be China; location is the city of Macau, which is an established trading center in Southeast Asia. B. Major Cross-Cultural Issues and Impacts: There are some marketing aspects to consider. Our approach must be culture sensitive to be successful. Insulting anyone in our business relations for work in China could end the deal or cause unnecessary delays. It is vital for all personnel involved in this venture to train with care in the marketing and cultural behaviors of the Chinese. Culture is a major issue and the company must be meticulous with training in order to be accepted. The Asian cultures are very careful about not losing face and this is critical. Keeping face goes back to Confucianism, which focuses on ones duty and loyalty, honor, sincerit y, and keeping harmony with all those related to them through family, business, and social ties. This is strictly followed with respect for age first in any of these relationships. One must never lose face with any of these ties for to lose face is to lose honor. The concept of face translates as honor, good reputation, and respect. There are four types of face. Face behavior is power-oriented behavior with the purpose of maintaining stability or control of one’s self. Diumianzi originates from the word mian and directly relates to one’s reputation or place in society. It is actions or deeds, which others have observed, and it is earned. Geimianzi is response to or giving of face to another through showing respect to the other person. Liumianzi is developed by avoiding mistakes and showing wisdom in making decisions. Jiangmianzi, when face is increased through others by another complementing one to a business partner or associate. Saving face or reputation is very strong in the Chinese culture. People are generally reserved, quiet, and refined. No boisterous or loud behavior is acceptable and considered in poor taste. Another way to explain this is quiet dignity, always keeping control of one’s emotions. The personnel who are involved in this business venture will need to beware of the quiet reserved behaviors of the Chinese and adopt such behavior in respect and get to know well each Chinese in the business relationship. It is important to save face at all times and avoid blunders or mistakes of our  Western culture, and never criticize the Chinese or any others involved in the business or personal relationship in Macau, China. This includes any associates whether foreign or domestic (China 2010). When greeting in China, the eldest is always greeted first and though a handshake is most common among Chinese with foreigners, sometimes with the elderly or government officials a slight bow will be given. During the greeting exchange, it is the practice by the Chinese to look at the ground when shaking hands or bowing along while addressing the individual with their honorific title and surname (China 2010). Visiting and eating also have special rules. A guest always waits for the host to give direction for seating. Formal dinners have different rules on seating arrangements. The conversation at meals is light, no business, or personal talk. The host will always serve an abundance of food. The host will usually escort a guest outside their home a distance even down a street and the guest should politely resist with the special ritual of hospitality. It is customary to bring a wrapped gift presented with two hands when invited to the home of a Chinese. In China, they do not open a gift in front of the giver; this is to avoid embarrassment for gifts that are not needed. Both the giver and receiver will always use both hands for the gift. Another very important gesture is to refuse the gift three times before accepting it; this shows that one is not greedy. Once the gift is accepted, it is important to express thanks to them for accepting the gift. If giving money gifts around New Years for personal friendship, the bills must be even bills and there should be an even number of bills, and given in a red envelope. Do not use white, black, blue, or the number 4 for anything because it is associated with death and funerals. This would be very embarrassing. Unacceptable gifts include clocks which symbolize time is running out, a handkerchief suggests a farewell greeting, shoes, especially straw sandals, suggest sad memories, and do not give ink pens with red ink which signifies death. Sharp objects like knives and scissors are not appropriate as it represents severing of relationships (Roberts 1998). Dress is important, no bright colors or blue jeans are to be worn, and all colors should be neutral with business meetings or dinners. Women must wear modest heals, nothing sleeveless or sheer, modest necklines, even the jewelry should be modest and not flashy. Relationship is everything; to hurry would be a waste. The  impact of our approach on Chinese business with regard to cultural differences is everything, the dress, the greeting, visiting, dinners, and showing of respect to all parties involved both Chinese, and U.S. will affect the stability of the relationship (King 1999). If the relationship is not sealed in the beginning with saving face or respect and trust with the Chinese, then the business deal may never take place or may be a very weak deal. The Chinese find friendship and trust to be far too important to rush through a business deal. Respect or face must be earned over time and never lost. C. Cross-Cultural Communication: Macau, China has a very strong economy with a GDP of 21.8 percent growth currently, is not expecting a recession anytime soon and has a steady growth rate of double digits up to 21 or more percent per year (Economy 2011). The humid weather and subtropical climate will be a great help in the special heat hardening process, which is necessary to extend the life of the engine components. It is important for us to pay close attention to detail and avoid using black, gold, yellow, red, or white on the engine components for any identification of parts used. Our company will need to use colors that are low key, perhaps silver, grey, brown, tan, or green, for any differentiation used to identify parts. Red is overused and is considered a New Year’s awareness. The black as mentioned earlier represents death and is not a good omen. Do not use black or red print on any of the parts or packaging, this represents evil and death and does not work in the Chinese market. When promoting the product for selling, again, color is of utmost importance and it is important to be creative. No black borders and no black print can be used, it is considered to be a bad omen or evil. The same is true with red print, it is considered to be related to death of the person reading the red ink. White wrap signifies death of the person receiving the gift and is not a happy color. Yellow used in marketing generally relates to pornography, so it must not be used or it will damage the face of the new company and possibly be an embarrassment or cause it to fail. The colors purple for power and nobility, blue green, and some other colors can be used with marketing to promote our engine components, but red, yellow, gold, black, and white are best avoided entirely for marketing purposes (Gao 2011). The advertising name should involve only two perhaps  three syllables with the last syllable having inflection upwards with intonation of voice. The Chinese consider this necessary for a favorable impression and for recognition of a product or service. Chinese words are often very direct and it would be best to use such words to gain trust and immediate understanding, and to portray quality and enjoyment of the vehicle because of using Company A’s engine components. Another aspect to show purity and trust is a picture of a mountain in relation to televised advertising or media advertising on the internet, and in our promotional brochure (Lehman 1992). Manufacturing companies like Sinotruck Group, Qingdao Seize The Future Automobile Co. Ltd., and Special Truck Company China National Heavy Duty Truck Co., to name a few major manufactures for heavy-duty trucks, to market the engine components produced by Company A would be our target audience for this market (Brighter 2011). China is expecting an increase in unit freight mileage leading to long distance transportation implying a demand for high-end trucks in the next few years. China is an excellent market for our truck engine components and this is good timing with China’s economic growth and increased investment in the trucking industry (Intelligence 2011). Currently, in China, the demand for trucks ranked first and automobiles ranked second (Intelligence 2011). Pricing of the engine components is based on production and the shipping costs for China. Choosing to build a manufacturing plant in Macau, China would prove to be financially prudent and help to keep prices in line with other competing engine makers in the truck industry for China. To protect competition in China, the prices would need to be equal in revenue as that of other countries in which these engine components are sold. To distribute these engine components in China it is necessary to have distribution partners for acceptance in the different market areas. Company A will have to build a network of distributers among locals where face-to-face relationships can grow. It will be prudent to train local mechanics for problems with the engine components that may occur after the sale. It is important to have connections with individuals in all areas of the business for trust and friendliness to the Chinese country. They see life as a group connection in all associations. D. Cross-Cultural Ethical Differences: Introducing ourselves into the Chinese market is crucial and must be done through an intermediary, someone who will give face favorably about Company A’s reputation. Chinese do not like to do business with strangers. The meetings need to be requested in writing preferably one or two months in advance by someone that they know and trust who connects for Company A. Plan to arrive a bit early, do not be late as the Chinese perceive this as an insult and it could cause negative problems for the business relationship. Punctuality is considered a virtue in China. It is important not to wear bright colors for meetings; men should wear dark colored conservative business suits. Women should wear a conservative business suit or dress with a high neckline and flat shoes or not much of a heel. There is no gender bias in China. About the introductions, when greeting the Chinese, the highest official or eldest will start the introductions and will either bow slightly while looking to the ground or shake hands while looking to the ground, do not look them in the eye during the introductions but do state their honorific title and then surname. Example, â€Å"It is an honor to meet with you, President Chen.† They have a great sense of humor and like to laugh if they are comfortable. If it is appropriate on your behalf at any time, be sure to laugh at yourself. The names of all who will be at the meeting and their titles, of course, would be important to have in each member’s portfolio. Once the introductions have been made and you have been given the invitation, provide information about Company A and what is desired to be accomplished. If offered a business card always accept with both hands and look at it with interest on both sides and then place on the table in the front of the place setting o r in a suit pocket or briefcase, never in the back pocket. When giving a business card use two hands and place Chinese side up to the Chinese officer. Only the eldest officer from each business will hold the conversation for negotiation. All others will listen. Posture and facial expression is very important to the Chinese and persons attending the meetings must watch carefully and be aware of their posture and facial expressions to remain neutral. There should not be any staring into another’s eyes only concentration on what is being said and careful glancing to notice expressions. Tone of voice is of great importance and  should be closely noted. Relationship cultivation is first, no agreement will be made at this meeting. When the meeting concludes the Chinese will say they will think about it, accept that answer just as they say, thinking about it (Ltd. 2004) and be patient for the deal to close at another time. It may take several meetings to finish the business deal. When the Chinese diplomat in charge invites the visiting company to a banquet, this is a signal that they are ready to give their final answer. They use a banquet to celebrate (Ltd. 2004). Our company needs to be patient and ready. In China, it is not customary to give gifts; it is considered bribery and illegal. It is only acceptable to bring a wrapped gift for the most senior officer in the company after the business deal is complete and state that the gift is from your company and that it is wished for the senior officer to accept it on behalf of their company. If there are wrapped gifts for more than one individual in a group, all gifts must be different and monetarily representative of the status for each individual. It is disrespectful to give the same gift choice to several individuals, the gifts must be different, and the value spent commensurate with the associate receiving the gift. If meeting over dinner our members must remember to wait until the host shows them to their personal seat, and recognize that the executive who called the dinner will be paying for all, no one is going â€Å"Dutch.† Remember to talk about whatever interests them and the food. Generally, light talk is expected. No business will be discussed while dining. The seating behavior is much like it is in formal dining with the United States. Unlike the U.S., though take time with dining and eat all you can or at least make it appear that time is not important. Eating is a very social event with the Chinese, never a rush. They may not hurry to be at a dinner or meal for a certain time, but may be slightly late. Timeliness is not crucial as is expected for a business meeting. It is rare to be invited to a Chinese home. If this occurs, be on time, take a gift and offer it three times but do not expect them to open it in front of you. Take off your shoes and do not pay attention to slurping or belching noises, this is the Chinese way to show enjoyment with the food. All business personnel must learn to eat with chopsticks (Ltd. 2004). These culture differences are very important though strange to what our customs are here in America. All Chinese customs must be followed carefully to have a  successful business relationship in China. 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